They’ll behave around the non-Orthodox, but among themselves, Orthodox Jews just love to talk about the Messiah.
First let’s get his name straight. His Hebrew name is “Mashiach.” Actually, it’s not his name at all, but just a nickname. Mashiach is Hebrew for – wait for it – “the anointed one.” (Messianic Jews got it from somewhere, see?)
Now let’s discuss who he is, then we’ll talk about why we are waiting for him, and finally I’ll do the big reveal: why do we talk about it so much??
WHO HE IS
The Messiah is not some angel or robot or flaming knight in shining armor. He is probably most similar to King Solomon. He is a human, a Jew, born of a woman, of the King David family line on his father’s side, who will be an incredibly spiritually inspiring leader, king, and rabbi among the Jewish people. He will diplomatically restore peace to the Land of Israel, and, perhaps even more miraculously, be accepted by every faction of the Jewish people.
(This is not science fiction so please don’t stop reading yet.)
Over time, he will lead the Jews back to Israel and usher in an era of world peace and spiritual clarity.
WHY WE ARE WAITING FOR HIM
To some degree this is already obvious. But Judaism teaches that all of our physical ailments and spiritual obstacles will disappear under the leadership of the Messiah, so add that for extra incentive. The Jewish people will be respected deeply as moral beacons (not science fiction I said) and God’s love will be patently obvious.
Personality disturbances, mental illness, and financial problems will cease to be an issue. The Jewish people will continue to live and die and have families as usual, but “the world will be filled with the knowledge of God as water covers the sea.” Thus, religious conflicts will vanish as well. It will become easy to reach our potential. Hopelessness and ambiguity will be shined away by the light of joy and clarity.
WHY WE TALK ABOUT HIM A LOT
Here are some common phrases one might use:
- “We really need Mashiach” [in the context of a tragedy or crisis].
- “Can you believe that in 20 years I’ll be almost 60? Mashiach should be here by then!”
- “Next time we meet may it be to greet Mashiach” [commonly said as the closing of a bar mitzvah or other Jewish occasion speech].
I’ll add here, in the interest of full disclosure, that not all Orthodox Jews are equally comfortable discussing the Messiah. Some are very open and “out there” about his future appearance, and others are more subtle in their expression.
But part of why this is so key to being Orthodox is that it appears in Maimonides’ “13 Principles of Faith” and thus is a core tenet in Torah observance. Orthodox Jews also believe that the arrival of the Messiah is an occasion of historical closure, ending religious ambiguity and discomfort of all kinds. It is the culmination of our hopes and dreams and is deeply important in every matter that is dear to us. And that is why we talk about it a lot.
WHAT ABOUT NOW?
Now we are in an era of “pre-Messianic times.” The sources have some chilling things to say about the era just prior to the arrival of the Messiah. Here are some:
1. There will be a plethora of chutzpah.
2. Costs will soar.
3. Parents will be subservient to their children instead of children being subservient to their parents.
4. People will turn to alcohol to drown their
pain.
5. Common sense will be rare.
6. Ambiguity will replace clarity.
To me these Talmudic words are prophetic.
I’ll close with the words of Maimonides (upon whose works most of this post is based):
“I believe with a complete faith in the arrival of the Messiah. And even though he delays, with all this I await him every day, that he may come.”
Did you know that these beliefs were a part of Judaism? What are your thoughts on the subject?
During my C education we were taught about the Messianic Era, rather than about the Messiah. It seemed like a world where people, with God's help, had learned to live in peace with one another was desirable. A world featuring a return to the divine right of kings and the probable demise of democratic rule not so much.
๐ Do you think the avoidance was of the miraculous nature of things, or of the loss of democracy?
My theory as to why they taught us that way is summed up in this joke:
"You know the exodus from Egypt, Dad? That was quite a feat on the part of the Hebrews. They were able to cross the Red Sea in amยญphibious vehicles while combat helicopters and rocket launchers were protecting them from the Egyptian cavalry. That must have been an amazing victory."
"Tell me, son," asks the father, "is that what your teacher said?"
"Oh no, Dad; but if I told you what he said, you would never believe it."
Funny… and complicated.
This article seems to be more accurate of Chabadniks than of Orthodox Jews in general.
I particularly disagree with the statements that:
"Personality disturbances, mental illness, and financial problems will cease to be an issue."
and:
"Judaism teaches that all of our physical ailments and spiritual obstacles will disappear under the leadership of the Messiah".
Sources, please?
Many Orthodox Jews subscribe to the position of Shmuel (in the Gemara), echoed by the Rambam:
"ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืขืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืื"
The only difference of the Messianic era will be the sovereignty of the Jewish people.
This is why so many see the founding of Israel as part of the Messianic process.
Hi Richie, and welcome to OOTOB.
Your observation confuses me, because I am definitely not a Chabad member, and have not been educated by Chabad. Moreover, this piece was inspired mainly by a lecture I heard a few weeks ago by a decidedly non-Chabad woman, based on Mainonides (Hilchot Melachim) which in turn is based on quotes from Isaiah, Jereremiah, Amos, the midrash, and the Talmud.
It reminds me of when my family moved from Israel to Buffalo Grove, Illinois, and then two years later we moved back to Cleveland. Someone asked me, "So, are you here for good?" I said, "I hope not to move again until Mashiach comes!" She looked at me quizzically and asked: "Are you Chabad?" My response, if I would have thought of it soon enough was, "No, I'm Jewish."
I don't think Chabad and the rest of Orthodoxy differs objectively on what the Torah teaches will happen when Mashiach arrives. There is a range of opinions in the classical sources as to the details of his arrival, as you reference.
My specific statements that don't jive with you are quoted in Maimonides based on Bereishit Rabbah 20:5 and 95:1 and Jeremiah 23:7-8.
just fyi ๐
responding "no I'm Jewish" would have a different connotation to a lubavitcher, a not so good one ๐ – MP
Eeps… That implication did not occur to me!
"My specific statements that don't jive with you are quoted in Maimonides based on Bereishit Rabbah 20:5 and 95:1 and Jeremiah 23:7-8."
Where does Maimonides say there will be no physical ailments, personality disturbances, mental illness, or financial problems? I see that he says no war, hunger, or envy, but where are the others?
Change that "hunger" to "famine."
Firstly, Maimonides mentions both envy and competition. That covers a lot of personality disturbances.
In chapter 11 of Hilchos Melachim he quotes Deuteronomy:
And the Lord your G-d will bring back your captivity and have compassion upon you. He will return and gather you [from among all the nations]…. Even if your dispersed ones are in the furthest reaches of the heavens, [from there will G-d gather you in]…. G-d will bring you [to the land]….
Then adds:
"These explicit words of the Torah include all that was said [on the subject] by all the prophets."
Specifically, see Isaiah 25:8 and 51:11.
"Do not think that during the Messianic era any aspect of the natural order will change, or that there will be any innovations in Creation. Rather, the world will continue as usual. The statement in Isaiah that "a wolf shall dwell with a sheep and a leopard shall lie down with a kid" is a metaphor and a riddle. It means that the Jews will live safely with the evil nations, which are compared to wolves and leopards…." (Maimonides, Hilchot Melachim 12:1)
True. But Mainonides also acknowledges that there are a variety of ways to view the Messianic era (some more "miraculous/supernatural" than others) and therefore recommends not getting bogged down in the details, but working on general belief.
In his introduction to Perek Helek, Rambam goes over the various approaches to afterlife that have evolved in Judaism, shows their sources and where they went wrong.
Thanks. I'll have to check that out.
At first I thought this was so totally out there. But then I slept on it. And when I woke up, I was thinking, how nice it would be to end everyone's emotional pain and to stop the fighting and to have world wide peace. And then I turned to my husband and said, "I want Moshiach NOW!" LOL
๐ love that, Sophia. Thanks for writing in.
Most Orthodox sources agree that there are two ways the Messiah can come. There is a date at which he will come no matter what, but if the Jewish people merit it, he can come sooner.
A rabbinic friend of mine has a idiosyncratic belief that the longer it takes the Messiah to come the fewer open miracles will accompany his arrival. Thus at the beginning of the dawn of the redemption the Yemenites' prophesied return to Israel "on eagle's wings" was accomplished via air planes. I'm not sure what the logical endpoint of this theory is – people find remnants of King David's DNA and clone him? – but it is an interesting thought.
Very. Thanks.
Do you think you could make a follow up post on how Christians have taken Jesus as the Messiah? And how Jews don't agree, or why he is not it?
I'd be interested to know, as a non-jewish person!
Thanks ๐
Sorry if the topic is maybe a little out there or hurtful in some way…I didn't know how to approach it..
http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/jewsandjesus/
Good response – thanks.
Welcome, D. Thanks for the question.
So when O Jews (or any Jews) say things like, "Moshiach might be here by then," or "I hope Moshiach gets here soon" do they really think that this is about to happen? Like next week, or in this lifetime, or what? Does it feel to you/them that this is the last gasp of pre-Messianic times?
If Maimonides is the big source on all this, and he's much much later than the Torah or Talmud, how does his authority get to be so strong on these points? (I loved Guide for the Perplexed, but read it in a totally different context.)
Some are better believers than others ๐
I think we all fluctuate in how real it feels. Sometimes I'm like, seriously, it's been thousands of years since we've had the Temple in Jerusalem, could it really all happen again?? And God seems so far, and it just seems so remote.
Other times when I really feel like I see God's hand in my life and in the world it feels so imminent I can almost touch it.
Re: Maimonides. Typically, what he writes is codified and collected and organized information from the Talmud. He was the first and only foremost authority to organize the Messiah information. (There are some exceptions in his works, but that's the short answer.)
Other O posters: How close and real does this feel to you? I'm really curious.
SBW, since you asked — This is one of those areas where my skepticism leads me in different directions from Ruchi's strong faith. I do believe the Mashiach will come some day, as expressed in Maimonides' 13 Principles of Faith. And sometimes I look at the current state of the world (both in a negative way, in terms of some of the "signals" Ruchi mentioned in her post, and in a positive way in terms of the modern State of Israel and the widespread availability of Jewish teachings) and think that messianic times are imminent. But as a historian, I realize that countless people over the past two thousand years have expected the Mashiach in their own lifetimes, and see no reason why I should be any more correct than they were. So, no, I don't really think there will be a cosmic metaphysical change within my lifetime (or my kids' lifetimes), but I say all the same things when I am greeting people b/c it is the polite thing to say.
Ruchi, I want to thank you for this post. This is a topic that fascinates my kids (because they are always hearing people talk about Mashiach) yet their teachers are unwilling/unable to give concrete answers or sources. I will be able to share this with my kids, and will also be able to do further research based on the sources you listed.
Thanks for your thoughts. I have a source sheet, if you'd like. You can email me a fax #. Interestingly, one of the things in it is that Maimonides himself doesn't recommend dwelling on the subject much, as far as the details, because he says we don't really know for certain how it will be.
Thanks Miriam. It is especially helpful to me to understand that those Moshiach sayings might be a matter of politeness or convention rather than a deeply felt and spontaneous reference to thinking about his imminent arrival. So where Ruchi writes about "talking about Moshiach coming" some of that is not so much real discussion about it at length, but just citing the conventional formula. Which is not to say that the belief is not there and heartfelt, but rather that it's not necessarily spontaneously erupting in those kinds of references.
Sbw, thats what I meant in the op when I said: "I'll add here, in the interest of full disclosure, that not all Orthodox Jews are equally comfortable discussing the Messiah.ย Some are very open and "out there" about his future appearance, and others are more subtle in their expression."
Btw explain more why Miriam's words are so helpful?
I guess because Miriam reflects a less immediately certain belief in the arrival of the Messiah. And yet she reports that she says those phrases because they are 'what one says'. So there is a bit of conflictedness, ambivalence and contingency in her view of the whole thing. [Have I mentioned that I find conflict and ambivalence to be more understandable and livable than certainty and clarity?? ๐ ]
As I wrote in the comment below Larry's below, it is in any case illuminating to me that O Jews might say those things as a casual "tic" rather than as a deep expression of a true belief that the M is coming any moment. That divergence makes sense to me.
Ruchi, so is using the "if the Messiah comes" phrases in a conventional/polite way a subtle or a more out-there way of discussing his appearance? If it's just a convention, then it's a subtle way to allude to one's own deep belief [by citing the convention], but if it's said with fervor and not as a convention then it's 'out there' as an expression of belief?
It really depends on context and company. I rarely receive wedding invitations that say it. If a plain old regular joe wrote it, I would think it kind of pompous, like trying to appear holier than thou. But if a truly holy person did it, it would engender respect, because I'd think to myself, "well, they really mean it." (I know, I know, you're not supposed to judge.)
Truth be told, in my own immediate circle of friends and family, some talk this way openly – and others definitely DON'T. All *believe* it though. In some of my own social circles it would be considered definitely "out there" – hence the Chabad remark. Chabad members are known to be much more mashiach-oriented.
Even the polite/subtle phrases are considered "out there" by some. Which is funny, because in pretty much every single one of the prayers and after-blessing for food, we reference the Messiah – and those prayers and blessing are recited daily.
Personally, I'm totally comfy with the polite conventional type, but the spontaneous fervor kind (although I certainly feel it and think it) I will only verbalize in very specific company, whom I feel would be on the same page.
But that's just me: somewhat of a chameleon.
In the local shteible (tiny synagogue) where I hang out the rebbe's sermons invariably end (in translation) "and may this lead to our meriting the arrival of the Messiah, speedily and in our days, amen." I've seen more than one wedding invitation that included the note "Reception will be at [time] in [place] unless the Messiah comes, in which case it will be in Jerusalem."
Similarly there is a custom to put copies of the book of Lamentations, which is read on Tisha B'av night in Ashkenazic shuls, into genzia (storage) on the assumption that we won't need them next year since the Messiah will have come and Tisha B'av will be a feast and not a fast. Also, I have seen shul announcements saying 'unless the Messiah comes, the fast will begin at ….'.
A lot of the time these are just verbal or written tics, as meaningful as ending a letter 'sincerely yours'. But Judaism places a lot of emphasis on the idea of cultivating correct thought and action through developing proper habits. So however thoughtless they may be said or written, they are drops of water wearing away the stone of disbelief.
Love that.
Interesting that you say they might be thoughtlessly said or written. To me these are totally startling–where will we hold the wedding in case the Messiah has arrived? Sounds like within the O-world these sorts of references are like subtle drops of water, but in my life it would be pretty shocking to insert that kind of phrase. Not sure if I heard it more often that it would lead to me to believe in the upcoming event more, or if it would just become a phrase that one uses. I am not sure which would be more powerful in influencing belief–the shock or the everydayness.
Larry also brings forth an important idea of O Judaism — that the actions and words set the stage for the belief. We train our children (and our adult selves) to say and do things, with the expectation/hope that it will inspire greater belief in the underlying concepts. This may be viewed as being "fake", but I think there is a lot of truth and strength to the phrase "fake it 'til you make it." Or to put it in more traditional terms, "train a child in the way he should go."
I think this contrasts with other communities (both Jewish and not) who put the emphasis on believing before doing.
I think the degree of optimism in this regard is indicated by the fact that the people who write these things on invitations don't actually make the plans to have the wedding in Jerusalem. They spend a lot of money on the "contingency plan" and none at all on caterers in Jerusalem. On the other hand, I think they're totally sincere about what they're saying and figure they'll just wing it (no pun intended) if the Messiah arrives in the meantime. It's just hard after so many centuries of no Messiah to really expect him to arrive imminently.
To some extent I think the comments are sort of a reaction to the speaker's feeling that he/she should be more optimistic. But the customs that Larry mentioned may be a deliberate attempt at teaching a lesson, i.e., reminding us that the Messiah really is coming.
Larry, would I be correct in assuming that the "Mashiach" verbage on announcements and invitations are mainly in the Chassidic community?
Miriam: I think that's a great point. Love it.
DG: Good point on the first paragraph. Can you clarify your second paragraph? Whose comments and which speaker?
Yes, I see explicit casual references to Moshiach mostly in Chassidic environments.
I was thinking about comments such as "unless the Messiah comes, the fast will begin at …"
Hi again ๐ Larry asked me a question about a Christian perspective on this and asked me to comment. He asked "Is it normal for committed Christians (not just Millenials) to casually weave eschatological references into their daily lives?" The simple answer is no, it is generally not in our daily lives to do this. There are probably a couple of reasons for this.
The biggest is that we believe he has already come to get things started and so most of us don't really think all that much about the "second" coming–we just try to live our lives as disciples/followers.
The second is that if these references you make are a part of the 13 Principles of Faith, and those are something you all are very educated in (are non-Orthodox Jews as educated in them and do they have this focus on Mashiach also?) then it is going to be something of which you are very aware.
I think a comparison for Christians would be either the Nicene Creed or the Apostles Creed, which mention a second coming and belief in the future resurrection. However, many, many Christians are unfamiliar with these creeds because there are so many churches who disdain tradition and creeds (but then they go and create "what we believe" sections for their websites…go figure).
All I know, is that however it turns out, I think everyone will have some kind of a surprise, and that God's Love will overcome everything, and there will be greater unity among all people than we can even imagine. So, you know, deep down, I think I long for "the day" too ๐
Hi Kelly,
thanks again for adding your thoughts. I really found them elucidating. As a religious Christian, you have a really unique voice on this blog, and I appreciate that.
Interestingly enough, we are also enjoined to live in the here and now – but with an eye on the future, to ensure we are living meaningfully now. But we're not to get bogged down on Messianism to the point where are not fully in the moment.
The 13 Principles of Faith are accepted as axiomatic in Orthodox Judaism. I don't know how those principles are viewed by Conservative or Reform Judaism. I would wager that many C and R Jews have never learned them, or maybe don't even know they exist, which would make sense if they are not central to their faith system. I don't know if this is a parallel to the creed discrepancy you mention.
As far as your final paragraph, I could not agree with you more.
Well, I appreciate you having me here and being so welcoming! I should clarify that although yes, I am a religious Christian, I don't necessarily fit in with any particular branch of Christianity because I've experienced so many of them, so if I sound Catholic one day and Pentecostal the next, you know why ๐
Your comment about the here and now but with an eye on the future makes me think of what I hear a lot in the current denomination with which I am involved; there's a lot of talk about the "now and not yet" and the tension between them.
You said you are not supposed to get bogged down on Messianism and I can see why, and I see a similarity between that and Christians who are solely focused on "getting people saved" so they can "go to heaven when they die". It's almost as if in some segments of Christianity (the louder ones especially!) they are so focused on the future and Jesus' return that they end up trying to convert people out of fear. Unfortunately for them, they don't even realize that our own scripture tells us that the current world will be re-made, not destroyed and we will continue to live here, not just fly off to some place called heaven.
I think your idea of C & R Jews not knowing much, if anything, about the 13 Principles being a parallel to the creed discrepancy definitely makes sense. Many Christians have very little background in tradition and church history because it appears to be irrelevant to them.
Kelly, I confess that I wouldn't be able to differentiate between a Catholic and a Pentecostal – so no worries there! In truth, there are a lot of similarities and parallels. I look forward to your continued input here.
I certainly learned the 13 principals of faith in my C Hebrew school (not a day school) and we sung Yigdal (which summarizes the 13 principals) more often in C shuls than in O shuls. Can some of the contemporary C and R Jews speak up and say whether the 13 principals are covered in contemporary C education?
I know that Yigdal is sung, but is it believed? For example, I don't think that's God's personal attentiveness (#10) is central to Conservative theology, at least not according to the Conservative rabbis I've heard from here. Unless I misunderstand.
Conservative belief is all over the place, as you can see by their own 'statement of principals' Emet V'Emunah. There are plenty of C Jews who believe in the principals, but you can not believe in almost any of them and still be a C Jew in good standing. (How true this is depends on whether one still views Reconstructionist Judaism as a wing of C).
For those who want a shorter view of the range of acceptable C viewpoints, I recommend the chart shown in Conservative Judaism, Our Ancestors To Our Descendants. You may need to scroll slightly down the page to see the chart.
I don't remember getting the 13 principles at Reform Sunday school, but I might simply have not retained it. We did learn about Maimonides, though; I think I did an oral report about him once.
The Reform synagogues I've visited in the last few years (less than 4) seem to be more religious than Silver's on Shaker Blvd. was in the 1970s. I feel like they do more in Hebrew, more passion, more ritual. No idea if that's a local phenomenon, or my imagination, or a general turn in Reform style services.
That's interesting, because I've heard from friends that Conservative congregations have moved significantly to the left in the last generation.
No, I don't suppose you would be able to differentiate between them ๐ Mainly, I was just trying to say that I don't fit into any typical Christian mold, which has its pros and cons ๐
I'm so glad you wrote this. FASCINATING. We are involved at Chabad so there's lots of Messiah talk, but I never knew the ins and outs. It's for sure not something that's mentioned in our other synagogue. I think it be very unnatural coming out of my mouth! Thanks for the amazing breakdown of it all though. I can always count on you.
๐ Thanks, Nina. As I mentioned above, Chassidic Jewry, and especially Chabad (since they are actively involved in outreach) is more "Messiah-oriented" than other streams of Orthodoxy. I see a huge range, not in belief per se, but in expression thereof.
Are you saying that Chabad is more Messiah-oriented *because* they are involved in outreach? I would think that would be kind of a hindrance to outreach, because it feels like one of the more 'out there' elements of O Judaism.
And I agree with Nina, fascinating.
Sorry. I said it wrong. I meant that Chabad's Mashiach fervor is more well-known since they are involved in outreach.
As far as it being a hindrance to outreach, well, that's very interesting. Sometimes I feel that spirituality is a hindrance (weird for some) and sometimes an attraction (people are thirsty for stuff). Not that it matters so much because if you believe it's core to Judaism, it just is and you can't tweak it to be more approachable.
Not sure if Mashiach is the same thing as general spirituality.
Here is an idea gleaned from R. Akiva Tatz that I love regarding the final redemption. Towards the end of Bereishis (genesis), when Yosef's brothers are all in Egypt, not realising that the Egyptian viceroy treating them so seemingly harshly is their brother, the brothers were overwhelmed with helplessness, anger, etc. Here they were on the brink of losing yet another brother, Rachel's other son, their father Yaakov (Jacob) would be devastated, they were being made to look like thieves. It's a real end-of-the-road, can-things-really-get-any-worse situation. Then suddenly, just when things look bleakest of all, the whole situation is turned around in JUST TWO WORDS "Ani Yosef" ("I am Yosef"). Redemption didn't come in the guise of a big strong guard waiting in the wings who flew in and defeated the enemies of the sons of Jacob, nor did G-d create a miracle and whisk the brothers away to safety or any other possible salvation-scenario you could imagine. What happened is that the very scenario that seemed so helpless, so awful, so terrifying, was suddenly transformed into a beautiful, emotional, incredible, family reunion.
Of course, like the other orthodox commenters on this topic, I often feel like Moshiach must be far away, like I know intellectually it's going to happen but I cannot actually envisage something so life-changing happen in my lifetime any time soon. Incidentally I have been blessed, bli ayin hara (there's another topic for you Ruchi, the ayin hara in O though, if you didn't do that one yet!) with several children and before each birth I feel the same way. I KNOW intellectually that I will have the baby soon, probably "this week" but I cannot imagine it will really happen, even in labour I cannot imagine it and I am always shocked by the appearance of the baby in the end even though in retrospect the supernatural occurred so naturally. And we know from traditional sources that the arrival of Moshiach is supposed to be like labour and birth.
But when I think this way then I remember that no matter how awful and messed up the world appears, and how far away, how extremely unlikely the possibility of Moshiach coming any minutes can seem, the coming may very well be as simple as "Ani Yosef", The redemption may be here all along in this very scenario, just waiting for the time when two little words will change our whole perception from despair to joy. May it come speedily and in our days, perhaps even today! Amen.
That is so beautiful! Thanks for sharing that thought. The labor analogy is apt.
Here's ayin hora post:
http://outoftheorthobox.blogspot.com/2011/09/k9-hora-club.html